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Glossary term: 金星

Description: 金星是距离太阳第二近的行星,经常被称为地球的孪生兄弟。它是一颗岩石质的类地行星,半径略大于 6000 公里,约为地球半径的 95%,质量是地球质量的 0.815 倍。金星大气的密度是地球的 90 倍,它的主要成分是二氧化碳,还有浓厚的硫酸云层覆盖整个表面。厚重的大气层产生了非常强烈的温室效应,导致金星表面温度高达 460 摄氏度。

金星与太阳的平均距离为 1.08 亿公里,约为 0.72 个天文单位(日地距离)。它绕太阳公转一周需要224.7天。相较于遥远的恒星,金星绕着它的轴自转一周也需要很长时间;一个金星日相当于 243 个地球日。这比金星绕太阳运行一周的时间还要长。金星没有已知的卫星。

金星以罗马爱神维纳斯命名。由于它离太阳很近,因此在日出前或日落后的夜空中经常可以看到金星。在这种情况下,即使用肉眼观察,金星也非常明亮,传统上被称为晨星或昏星。用双筒望远镜可以看到,金星有与月亮相似的相位变化。

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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Related Media


金星上白色云层笼罩

可见光下的金星

Caption: 这张由美国宇航局水手10号探测器拍摄的照片展示了用肉眼观察时金星的样子。金星被笼罩在以二氧化碳为主的厚厚的大气中,从未露出炙热的表面。
Credit: 美国宇航局/JPL-加州理工学院 credit link

License: PD Public Domain icons


金星表面的山脊和山谷

金星表面

Caption: 这张图片是金星表面的计算机辅助渲染图。由于可见光无法穿透金星大气层中厚厚的云层,因此该图像来自无线电波段。美国宇航局于 1989 年发射的太空探测器 Megallan 在 1990 至 1994 年间绘制了金星表面的图像。
Credit: 美国宇航局/JPL credit link

License: PD Public Domain icons


明亮的月亮照亮了海滩。三颗明亮的行星在月球左下方排成一线。

守护星辰与大海

Caption: 2022年国际天文学联合会天文教育办公室天文摄影大赛获奖作品,类别:天体图案静态图像。 这张照片的构图令人惊叹。在远处的风景背景中,我们看到一连串的山脉,似乎与上方天空中的银河结构相映成趣。风景中强烈的日光般的色彩是由图像顶部的亮光——月亮造成的。 这张照片拍摄于2019年2月的马来西亚基纳巴卢山,展示了行星与月亮的排列,传达了黄道作为黄道带中心线的概念,黄道是行星绕太阳运行的平面。黄道是黄道带的中心线,因此黄道两侧约5到10度的区域是黄道带星座的所在地。从图像左下方的地平线开始,我们可以看到金星、土星和木星。这些行星对世界各地的人们有着不同的文化意义,并深深地扎根于社会、宗教和实际生活中。例如,澳大利亚土著瓦达曼人的传统将行星与穿越天路(黄道)的祖先灵魂联系在一起。行星在天空中的出现和消失与各种仪式相关。例如,当金星从“昏星”变为“晨星”时,这标志着澳大利亚阿纳姆地的尤努族人的巴努比尔仪式。 这张图片还展示了天蝎座、天鹰座、豺狼座和南三角座,以及茶壶星群和两颗指针星——半人马座α星和β星。这些星座、星群及其中的个别恒星在许多不同文化中都具有重要意义。 马来西亚靠近赤道,与北方和南方都有联系,几乎全年都能看到整个天空。西沙漠的科卡塔人将心宿二视为Kogolongo,即红尾黑凤头鹦鹉,而布龙族则称其为Djuit,即红腰鹦鹉。形成天蝎座尾刺的两颗星(尾宿八和尾宿九)被称为Karik Karik,即澳大利亚红隼。
Credit: Likai Lin/IAU OAU

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


Orion appears as an hourglass shape of stars in the bottom of the image. Above Taurus is v-shaped with a small star cluster

Romanian Orion

Caption: Winner in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   Taken in Romania in August 2012, this image shows two of the most recognisable constellations in the sky, Orion and Taurus. Orion, the Hunter, is found near the horizon. The most prominent star visible in this image is Betelgeuse, while the asterism of Orion’s belt is formed by three aligned bright stars. Just above Orion we can find Taurus, one of the constellations of the Zodiac. As the Zodiac is inherited from Babylon, The Bull of Heaven represents a mighty but dangerous creature that was defeated by King Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu. They cut the Bull in half and sacrificed the animal to the gods in order to protect their people. Taurus is also home to the star cluster Pleiades, also known as the Seven Sisters. Two planets are visible: Venus, the bright spot near the fence, and Jupiter, the bright spot at the top, next to the Bull’s face. Different cultures have included the stars of these constellations in their own mythology. The Romanians, for instance, after Christianisation identified four other constellations using some of the stars of Orion and others surrounding it. One such constellation is called Trisfetitele (the Three Saints), which is associated with the three stars comprising Orion's Belt, representing the Three Hierarchs Basil, Gregory and John. This same asterism is also called Three Wise Men, Kings from the East or just Three Kings — all of these names being rooted in the Christian religion. The agricultural calendar, in contrast, led farmers to define two other constellations, the Little Plough and the Sickle. Both are seen in the southern half of the Orion rectangle; the Little Plough is drawn by connecting the southern quadrilateral with Orion’s left shoulder, and the Sickle is formed by connecting Orion’s left foot (Rigel) with the belt stars, forming an arch and completing the form of a hoe. In the cultural calendar, these constellations were used to announce the harvest of wheat/grain. Finally, the fourth Romanian constellation is the Great Auger, where Orion’s belt represents the handle of the auger, and Betelgeuse is the tip, facing towards Pollux in Gemini. This constellation is associated with treasure, as Romanian peasants believe that the Auger points to the treasure when they approach the end of the world. Most of the official star names in Orion are Arabic; Mintaka (meaning “belt”) is at the waist; Alnitak (meaning “girdle”) and Alnilam (meaning “string”) are at the belt; and Rigel (meaning foot) is at the left foot. The star on the left shoulder is named Bellatrix, the Latin term for a female warrior. The star at the right leg is called Saiph, for the sword or sabre of the Arabic Orion.
Credit: Alex Conu/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


金星在远距离时呈现为小而几乎盈满的状态,而接近太阳时视直径增大,逐渐变为仅有一条亮细弦状的形态。

角度问题

Caption: 这组精美的图像是在2019年12月17日至2020年5月25日期间,在多米尼加共和国的圣多明各拍摄的,展示了在地球上看到的金星相位。当金星和地球围绕太阳运行时,我们观察到金星被阳光照亮的不同半球部分,与月相类似。序列图的下方清晰地展示了金星在较远位置时,呈现为小而明亮的凸状,并最终在接近太阳时达到所有行星中最大的视直径(图像上方),呈现为一细长的弦状。在最后一帧中,仅有2.8%的金星表面被照亮。
Credit: 克里斯托弗·巴埃斯/国际天文学联合会教育办公室 (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


在顶部,金星呈满相,且显得较小。随着影像的推进,金星逐渐过渡为半相、弦相,最后到达“新相”,并显得越来越大。

金星的相位

Caption: 这是2015年在法国滨海夏朗德省的叙热尔拍摄的令人着迷的金星系列照片,历时六个月。这些相位与我们所看到的月相非常相似,且成因也相近。金星只有半边被太阳照亮,而从地球上看,我们有时只能看到被照亮部分的一部分,这取决于太阳、地球和金星的相对位置。由于水星和金星的轨道都位于太阳和地球轨道之内,它们都会因此呈现出相位变化。金星的相位会随着其相对于太阳和地球的位置变化而渐变。这一系列照片生动地展现了金星从‘凸状’到纤细‘弦状’的相位转变。使用红外滤镜能让我们在白天捕捉到金星致密而永久云层的清晰细节,为人们提供了一个观察这颗神秘行星大气层的独特视角。
Credit: 斯特凡·冈萨雷斯/国际天文学联合会教育办公室 (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


天空中有三个明亮的天体,一个在左上方,一个在中间,一个在正下方。

木星、金星、月亮合相

Caption: 这张照片是 2023 年 2 月在美国宾夕法尼亚州卢泽恩县上空用智能手机拍摄的,让我们得以一窥合相现象,这是一种迷人的天文现象,当从我们的视角看到两个或两个以上的天体在天空中紧紧相邻时就会发生这种现象,尽管这些天体实际上并不靠近彼此。在这张照片中,木星(上面)的光辉、金星的魅力(中间)和月亮熟悉的光芒(下面)在微妙的云层和树线轮廓的背景下翩翩起舞,这一刻值得珍藏。
Credit: Joslynn Appel/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons


水星看起来比金星小,也比金星暗。金星的右下方是一个类似新月的形状。

金星和水星的轨迹

Caption: 在这张合成图中,可以看到水星(左)和金星(右)都在向日落进发。水星和金星降落时的相位都被捕捉到了,非常漂亮。从地球上看,太阳系中并非所有行星或卫星都会出现相位。出现这种现象是因为金星和水星的轨道位于地球轨道和太阳之间,有时我们只能看到每颗行星某一部分受到光照。它们的相位与我们看到的月球相位相似。
Credit: 玛塞拉-朱利亚-佩斯 (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons

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astroEDU educational activity (links to astroEDU website)
Description: Learn more about our nearest neighbour

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) icons

Tags: Planetary cartography , Spatial thinking
Age Ranges: 6-8 , 8-10 , 10-12 , 12-14
Education Level: Middle School , Primary , Secondary
Areas of Learning: Social Research
Costs: Low Cost
Duration: 2 hours
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Skills: Analysing and interpreting data , Asking questions , Communicating information , Constructing explanations , Developing and using models , Engaging in argument from evidence , Planning and carrying out investigations