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Terme du glossaire : Astronomie

Description : L'astronomie est l'une des sciences les plus anciennes et implique l'étude des corps célestes dans le ciel, tels que les étoiles, les planètes, les galaxies, les météores et les météorites. Elle étudie également l'atmosphère afin de comparer la planète Terre avec les planètes voisines. Autrefois, l'astronomie s'intéressait au suivi des positions du Soleil, de la Lune et des planètes à des fins de calendrier et de navigation. Aujourd'hui, les astronomes modernes étudient également les phénomènes physiques qui régissent la formation et le comportement des objets astronomiques.

Dans l'Antiquité, l'astronomie était souvent étroitement liée à l'astrologie, une pseudo-science, et de nombreuses personnes ne font toujours pas la différence entre les deux.

L'astronomie est l'une des rares sciences dans lesquelles les amateurs peuvent jouer un rôle important, car les astronomes amateurs ont contribué à de nombreuses découvertes importantes.

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Statut du terme et de sa définition : La définition initiale de ce terme en anglais a été aprouvée par un·e spécialiste de la recherche en astronomie et un·e spécialiste de l’éducation
La traduction de ce terme et de sa définition ont été aprouvées par un·e spécialiste de la recherche en astronomie et un·e spécialiste de l’éducation

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

Si vous constatez une erreur dans ce terme ou sa définition, veuillez nous contacter .

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Media associé


Deux astronomes observent une éclipse  lunaire. Entre eux, une série de cercles lumineux tracent une trajectoire courbe

L'éclipse entre nous, par Muhammad Rayhan, Indonésie

Légende : Deuxième place au concours d'astrophotographie 2021 de l'IAU OAE, catégorie éclipse totale de lune. Les éclipses totales de lune font partie des événements célestes assez spectaculaires et peuvent être observées facilement avec ou sans télescope. Nous voyons ici les étapes de l'éclipse lunaire totale du 31.1.2018 photographiée en Indonésie : l'entrée du disque de la pleine lune dans l'ombre ronde de la Terre, la totalité comme Lune de sang, et le début de la sortie de la Lune de l'ombre de la Terre jusqu'au coucher de la Lune.
Crédit : Muhammad Rayhan/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Icônes


A group of observatories in-front of a dark sky. An arc of light curves from the bottom left. Several stars are visible.

Chilean observatories at home office, by Robert Barsa, Slovakia

Légende : Third place in the 2021 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Wide star fields. This rich panoramic image shows a range of constellations, deep sky objects and planets. The brightest point of light with a pale reddish hue (left of center) is the planet Mars. In the bottom far left of the image, located just above the sloped roof of the building are two points of light appearing very close to each other, these are the planets Jupiter (brighter) and Saturn. To the far right of the image the two fuzzy cloud-like objects are the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. These are satellite dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way located at a distance of approximately 160,000 and 200,000 light years, respectively. The Andromeda Galaxy, which is located at an approximate distance of 2.5 million light years, appears in this image as a small, angled smudge between Mars and the brightest glow on the horizon (closer to the horizon). The bright glow is not from the Sun or the Moon, but the city lights of San Pedro de Atacama. Prominent constellations include: Orion – identified by the three stars forming Orion’s Belt; Taurus – a small triangle shaped collection of stars to the left of Orion and identified by the pale orange star (Aldebaran) at the vertex of the triangle; Canis Major – to the bottom right of Orion, identified by the bright star Sirius (the brightest star in the night sky) and three stars in the shape of a triangle just above the observatory dome in the foreground; Pegasus – identified by the trapezium shape diagonally below Mars. Other constellations include Andromeda, Perseus and Aries. Diverse cultures around the world have their own names and rich stories associated with these constellations and many others. To the top right of Orion’s Belt is an angled line of stars (Orion’s Sword) within which is a pinkish smudge (looks like a fuzzy star when observed with the unaided eye) that is the Orion Nebula – a stellar nursery located 1500 light years from Earth – where stars are formed. To the left of Taurus is a compact fuzzy smudge, and that is the Pleiades star cluster. The variation in the colour of stars is the result of temperature of the stars, for example, the red orange star to the bottom left of Orion’s Belt is the red giant star Betelgeuse. Cooler stars appear redder, compared to the higher temperature white and bluish stars. The colours in the image are enhanced because of the higher sensitivity of the digital camera compared to the human eye.
Crédit : Robert Barsa/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Icônes


Several observatory domes on a mountain top with the arching Milky Way behind.

Teide Observatory

Légende : Honourable mention in the 2022 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Still images of celestial patterns.   Taken in May 2022 in Teide National Park in Tenerife, Spain, this image shows the arc of the Milky Way galaxy crossing the sky, accompanied by prominent constellations over the professional telescopes located on the mountains of that island. While the telescopes and the people working with them may  ignore the constellations, the photographer managed to catch the Milky Way in such a way that it almost matches the shape of the mountain. The bright star in the top-left side of the image is Vega, one of the brightest stars in the night sky and located in the small constellation Lyra. Being a white star, it is the standard star astrophysicists use to define the colour scale. As it is also a relatively close star, only about 25 light-years away, with a relatively simple name, it frequently appears in modern science fiction, for example in Carl Sagan’s famous novel “Contact”, which was filmed in 1997 with Jodie Foster starring as a radio astronomer. The bright star seen below the galaxy and on the left half of the image is Altair, also one of the brightest stars in the night sky and located in the constellation Aquila. Together with Deneb — a star in the constellation Cygnus (the Swan) that is not visible in this image — Altair and Vega form the Summer Triangle, a characteristic asterism of popular astronomy in the northern hemisphere, where these telescopes are located. On the right side of the image we can see the constellation Scorpius. This is easily identified by its brightest star, Antares, the reddish star in the Scorpion’s heart. Below it, the whole body and tail of the Scorpion can be found and above it the celestial Scorpion's head is represented by three bright bluish stars. Below the tail and above the horizon, the constellation of Ara, the Altar, is half-visible, but like all the stars of Sagittarius in the Milky Way and the much fainter ones in Hercules and Ophiuchus above it, these constellations are more difficult to pinpoint in this photograph full of stars. The head of Ophiuchus is the relatively bright star in the middle between Vega and Antares. In addition to the huge size of this constellation, it is also important because it is the thirteenth one of the Zodiac, and the Sun spends roughly three weeks in Ophiuchus, after only five days in Scorpius. Furthermore, Ophiuchus represents the model for the mythological best doctor in the world, called Asklepios in Greek mythology, and Aesculab in Latin. His constellation praises all people working in medical professions, including nurses, pharmacists and doctors.
Crédit : Curd-Christian Tengeler/IAU OAE

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Icônes


Un télescope pointe vers le ciel où la Voie lactée est parsemée de taches sombres et claires.

Les Veillées du Savoir

Légende : Sous la vaste étendue du ciel nocturne du désert de Tatacoa, en Colombie, un télescope s'aligne sur le majestueux noyau galactique, tandis qu'un smartphone capture cette rencontre cosmique. Ce cliché, pris le 9 juin 2023 lors d'un stage d'astronomie, illustre la beauté accessible des merveilles célestes. Elle met en valeur la grandeur fascinante du ciel nocturne, invitant aussi bien l'observateur occasionnel que l'astronome passionné. La splendeur de la Voie lactée, élégamment capturée à l'aide d'un appareil mobile, comble le fossé entre l'équipement sophistiqué et la joie pure et profonde d'observer les étoiles.
Crédit : Juan Pablo Botero Londoño/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Icônes


Four dish-shaped telescopes point at the sky with the arc of the Milky Way overhead.

Milky Way Over H.E.S.S Observatory

Légende : Honorable mention in the 2023 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category of Still images taken exclusively with smartphones/mobile devices. The darkness of the skies at H.E.S.S Observatory reveal the seemingly innumerable stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy, making it challenging to discern the constellations as seen taken with a smartphone from Namibia in June 2023. The stars Alpha and Beta Centauri are visible bottom left of the image just about the tower. The orange-hued star visible just above and to the right of the left H.E.S.S telescope is Antares, a red-giant star that is part of the constellation Scorpius.
Crédit : Jianfeng Dai/IAU OAE (CC BY 4.0)

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Icônes

Activités associées


Snakes & Ladders Game

Snakes & Ladders Game

astroEDU educational activity (links to astroEDU website)
Description: Learn astronomical topics through the classic snakes and ladders game.

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Icônes
Mots clés : Game , snakes and Ladders
Tranches d'âge : 6-8 , 8-10 , 10-12 , 12-14 , 14-16
Niveau scolaire : Collège , Primaire , Secondaire
Domaines d'apprentissage : Apprentissage par le jeu
Coûts : Moyen
Taille du groupe : Par groupe
Compétences : Poser des questions , Communiquer des informations


AstroPoetry Writing

AstroPoetry Writing

astroEDU educational activity (links to astroEDU website)
Description: An activity combining English and science to encourage students to think about the night sky to help them write a poem related to astronomy.

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Icônes
Mots clés : Art , Creativity , Star-gazing , Poetry
Tranches d'âge : 6-8 , 8-10 , 10-12 , 12-14
Niveau scolaire : Collège , Primaire , Secondaire
Domaines d'apprentissage : Axé sur les arts , Basée sur l'observation
Coûts : Faible
Durée : 1h 30m
Taille du groupe : Individuel
Compétences : Communiquer des informations


Create Your Own Astro-Music

Create Your Own Astro-Music

astroEDU educational activity (links to astroEDU website)
Description: Create your own music inspired by images of space.

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Icônes
Mots clés : Art , Creativity , Music
Tranches d'âge : 8-10 , 10-12 , 12-14 , 14-16 , 16-19
Niveau scolaire : Informelle - Médiation , Collège , Primaire , Secondaire
Domaines d'apprentissage : Axé sur les arts
Coûts : Faible
Durée : 1h
Taille du groupe : Par groupe
Compétences : Communiquer des informations


Navigating with the Kamal – Northern Hemisphere

Navigating with the Kamal – Northern Hemisphere

astroEDU educational activity (links to astroEDU website)
Description: How did Arabian sailors navigate at sea?

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Icônes
Mots clés : History , Geography , Coordinates , Celestial navigation , Arabia , Kamal
Tranches d'âge : 14-16 , 16-19
Niveau scolaire : Collège , Secondaire
Domaines d'apprentissage : Modélisation , Apprentissage par enquête
Coûts : Faible
Durée : 1h 30m
Taille du groupe : Par groupe
Compétences : Analyser et interpréter des données , Poser des questions , Communiquer des informations , Développer et utiliser des modèles , Planifier et mener des enquêtes


Hunting for spectra

Hunting for spectra

astroEDU educational activity (links to astroEDU website)
Description: Learn about light and spectra building a spectroscope with a CD!

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Icônes
Mots clés : Hands-on , Experiment , prism
Tranches d'âge : 8-10 , 10-12 , 12-14 , 14-16 , 16-19
Niveau scolaire : Informelle - Médiation , Collège , Primaire , Secondaire
Domaines d'apprentissage : Apprentissage par découverte guidée
Coûts : Faible
Durée : 1h
Taille du groupe : Individuel
Compétences : Poser des questions , Construire des explications , Planifier et mener des enquêtes