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Glossary term: 星宿(星群)

Description: 夜空中大多數明亮的恆星都被組合成一種叫做”星座“的圖案。但除了由國際天文學聯合會定義的正式星座外,還有一些恆星組合成的圖案被稱為星宿(星群)。最著名的星宿可能就是北斗七星了,它是大熊座的一部分。

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一池熱氣騰騰的水與夜空相映成趣。天空中呈現出由 7 顆明亮的星星組成的鍋和柄的形狀

黃石公園的北斗七星,作者Alex Conu,挪威

Caption: 2021 年國際天文學聯合會 OAE 天體攝影比賽廣域星野類第一名。 這張照片拍攝的是北半球最突出、最著名的星群之一--北斗七星(Big Dipper)或犁星(Plough)。該星宿是希臘神話中大熊座的一部分。 北斗七星由七(八)顆恆星組成,從圖像的中心嚮右延伸。形成斗勺“杯部”的四顆星呈梯形,就在圖像右側最高的樹的上方。這四顆星分別是右上方的天樞(Dubhe)、右下方的天璇(Merak)、左上方的天璣(Megrez)和左下方的天權(Phecda)。形成斗柄的三(或四)顆星位於梯形的左側,依次是從右到左的玉衡(Alioth)、開陽(Mizar)和搖光(Alkaid)。仔細觀察開陽,可以看到它左上方緊鄰著一顆較小的星星。這顆星就是開陽增一(Alcor),開陽和輔星共同構成裸眼可見的雙星系統。然而,通過非常精確的觀測發現,開陽實際上是一個四星系統,而輔星是一個雙星系統。儘管這些恆星的名字源自阿拉伯語命名體系,但不同的文化都有自己的恆星名稱。 在世界各地的不同文化中,這個星宿與不同的物體相關聯,此外,一些土著文化還將單獨的星星與特定的故事聯繫起來。星座除了承載著不同文化的傳說和神話外,還是重要的導航 "工具"。例如,天樞(Dubhe)和天璇(Merak)兩顆星可以用來找到北極星(Polaris)(本圖中未顯示)。鑑於北斗七星與北半球的關係,以及它是一個拱極星座(從不落在地平線以下),阿拉斯加州旗上使用了北斗七星和北極星。 值得注意的是,雖然星座中的恆星(除了開陽和開陽增一的多恆星系統外)看起來彼此 "相鄰",但實際上這些恆星與地球和彼此間的距離是非常不同的。
Credit: Alex Conu/IAU OAE

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傾斜了135度的北斗七星,狀如一個長柄勺。

北斗七星

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會(IAU)OAE天文攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類別榮譽獎作品。 這張照片2021年5月拍攝於印度烏杜皮,顯示了大熊座中最亮的七顆星。這個星群被古巴比倫人視為一駕馬車,這很可能啟發了古希臘詩人阿拉托斯在訓誨詩中將其視為戰車。而古希臘人通常將這七顆星與更廣闊的天區中許多更暗的恆星一起構成一個星座,視為一隻大母熊。 在古埃及,這七顆星組成的圖案被視作公牛前腿或公牛大腿,被認為是塞特神腿的一部分。塞特神被認為是兩兄弟中邪惡的一個,他謀殺了自己的哥哥奧西里斯神(有時被認為是埃及第一位國王)。他們深愛的妹妹把散落的屍體碎片拼湊在一起,使奧西里斯復活。為了防止塞特繼續作惡,這條腿被一根銷子釘在了天上。 這七顆明亮的恆星被中國古代貴族稱為“北斗”,行使著審判的職責。它在法語和荷蘭語中被稱為“湯鍋”,在德語中被稱為“戰車”,在英國英語中被稱為“犁”,在美國英語中被稱為“大勺子”。在北美納瓦霍人的傳說中,北斗七星有著男性形象,被認為是所有星辰和人類的父親,據說他是仙後座對應的母神的丈夫。同樣,在北歐神話中,它被稱為“男人之車”,和小熊座中的“女人之車”并列。在其他一些北方文化,例如因紐特人和西伯利亞人的傳說中,這個星群被解釋為駝鹿,而薩米人在這裡看到的是法夫德納的弓和箭。相比之下,在南半球,並非所有文化都將其命名,因為它總是要麼靠近地平線,要麼看不見。例如,巴西的圖卡諾人稱它為“蛇的大肛門”;而在薩摩亞,它是“祖傳戰棍”的一部分。 夏威夷人也將其用於航海,並稱之為“七星”,而馬其頓傳統則將其解釋為“七賊”。在意大利的星象傳說中,它在羅馬被稱為“七牛”,在撒丁島被稱為“七兄弟”。同樣,蒙古的傳統說法是“七佛”,而印度人則稱之為“七聖”。
Credit: Arya Anthony/IAU OAE

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一片冰天雪地裡,人站在樹旁。天空中,三顆明亮的恆星組成巨大的三角形。

在初冬傍晚向低垂的夏季大三角告別

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會(IAU)OAE天文攝影比賽靜態天體圖案類別獲獎作品。 這張照片是於2018年12月在日本長野拍攝的,展示了三個突出的星座:天鷹座(左下方)、天鵝座(正上方)和天琴座(右下方)。這些星座中最亮的恆星(牛郎星、天津四和織女星)構成了被稱為“夏季大三角”的星群的三個頂點。牛郎是照片左下方最亮的恆星,天津四是照片右上方最亮的恆星,織女星是照片右下方最亮的恆星。 在亞洲文化中,織女星和牛郎星代表著天庭的織女和人間的牛郎之間的愛情故事,他們被微弱的銀河光帶分開,僅在七月被允許跨越這條天河相見。 澳大利亞維多利亞州東北部的布戎人將織女星每年隱沒在太陽光輝後的重新出現與斑眼冢雉築巢的時間聯繫在一起。布戎人還將他們的土著星座Neilloan與Mallee-hen女神(織女星)聯繫在一起,她是創造了墨累河的英雄Totyarguil(牛郎星)的母親。在瓦達曼人的傳統中,織女星是亡靈通往銀河的門戶。 牛郎星的英文名稱Altair是阿拉伯語“Al-Nasr Al-Ta'ir”的縮寫,意為“飛鷹”,這證明天鷹座是歷史上最穩定的星座之一。天鷹座起源於巴比倫時代,留下了攜帶國王飛向天空的傳說,後被希臘人、羅馬人和阿拉伯人繼承。天津四的英文名稱Deneb來自阿拉伯語“dhanab”,意為“尾巴”,其所在的星座在古希臘被看作一隻鳥,在古羅馬的傳統中被解釋為天鵝(即現代的天鵝座),而在阿拉伯世界中則被解釋為母雞。織女星的英文名稱“Vega”來自阿拉伯語"Al-Nasr Al-Waqi“,意為”俯衝的鷹“,因為在伊斯蘭教誕生前的阿拉伯土著文化中,被視為鷹的星座除天鷹座外其實還有一個,它所在的天區正是希臘的天琴座。在近代早期,一些基督教天文學家受阿拉伯傳統的啟發,將天琴座描繪成一隻手持琴的鷹或禿鷲。 這張照片還顯示了一系列其他星座,包括海豚座、天箭座和狐狸座。在希臘神話中,天箭座代表著光明之神和生育女神。在冬季,它們在傍晚落下;但在春季,它們又在東方升起,而且出現的時間越來越長,祝福著土地碩果累累,農業取得豐收。
Credit: Kouij Ohnishi/IAU OAO

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五顆明亮的星星組成了字母 M 的形狀。

蝙蝠星語

Caption: 2022年 IAU OAE 天文攝影大賽榮譽提名作品(靜態攝影組) 本影像攝於2019年11月泰國清邁因他暖山國家公園(Doi Inthanon National Park),呈現了北天標誌性星座——呈"M"字形的仙後座(Cassiopeia)。儘管該星座官方名稱源自希臘神話王後"卡西俄珀亞"(Kasseipeia)的拉丁化稱謂,但這五顆亮星在全球多文化語境中被賦予不同意象:在泰國被視為蝙蝠,在夏威夷則稱為'Iwa Keli'i(首席軍艦鳥)。 北美納瓦霍人將其視為"眾星與人類之天母"的核心,與象徵"天父"的大熊星座共同環繞天極運行。瑪雅文明將其納入巨型星座"鱷魚背洞",而因紐特人則解讀為油燈架與鯨脂罐。 中國古代將"M"形左下亮星對應神話中馭四馬的戰將王良,四馬由後續筆畫中的兩明兩暗四星(自左上延伸至中下部)象徵。其餘兩亮星及周邊暗星則構成北極紫微垣旁的"閣道"(天界馳道)。 在南太平洋湯加島,這一星群被稱為"塔法希之翼"——其意象爭議在於,所指究竟是塔法希島輪廓,抑或波利尼西亞英雄塔法基(Tafaki)翅膀的誤傳。 恆星星色差異揭示其表面溫度:泛紅星體溫度相對低於藍白恆星。
Credit: Thanakrit Santikunaporn/IAU OAE

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明亮的月亮照亮了海灘。三顆明亮的行星在月球左下方排成一線。

守護星辰與大海

Caption: 2022年國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室天文攝影大賽獲獎作品,類別:天體圖案靜態圖像。 這張照片的構圖令人驚嘆。在遠處的風景背景中,我們看到一連串的山脈,似乎與上方天空中的銀河結構相映成趣。風景中強烈的日光般的色彩是由圖像頂部的亮光——月亮造成的。 這張照片拍攝於2019年2月的馬來西亞基納巴盧山,展示了行星與月亮的排列,傳達了黃道作為黃道帶中心線的概念,黃道是行星繞太陽運行的平面。黃道是黃道帶的中心線,因此黃道兩側約5到10度的區域是黃道帶星座的所在地。從圖像左下方的地平線開始,我們可以看到金星、土星和木星。這些行星對世界各地的人們有著不同的文化意義,並深深地扎根於社會、宗教和實際生活中。例如,澳大利亞土著瓦達曼人的傳統將行星與穿越天路(黃道)的祖先靈魂聯繫在一起。行星在天空中的出現和消失與各種儀式相關。例如,當金星從“昏星”變為“晨星”時,這標誌著澳大利亞阿納姆地的尤努族人的巴努比爾儀式。 這張圖片還展示了天蠍座、天鷹座、豺狼座和南三角座,以及茶壺星群和兩顆指針星——半人馬座α星和β星。這些星座、星群及其中的個別恆星在許多不同文化中都具有重要意義。 馬來西亞靠近赤道,與北方和南方都有聯繫,幾乎全年都能看到整個天空。西沙漠的科卡塔人將心宿二視為Kogolongo,即紅尾黑鳳頭鸚鵡,而布龍族則稱其為Djuit,即紅腰鸚鵡。形成天蠍座尾刺的兩顆星(尾宿八和尾宿九)被稱為Karik Karik,即澳大利亞紅隼。
Credit: Likai Lin/IAU OAU

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Related Diagrams


Sagittarius is shaped like a teapot pouring tea south west. The ecliptic runs WSW to ENE at the top of the constellation

Sagittarius Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Sagittarius along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Sagittarius is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Aquila, Scutum, Serpens Cauda, Ophiuchus, Scorpius, Corona Australis, Telescopium, Microscopium and Capricornus. The brighter stars in Sagittarius form a distinctive teapot shape. Sagittarius lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Sagittarius from mid December to mid January. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Sagittarius. Sagittarius lies south of the celestial equator. The famous teapot asterism is visible for all but the most arctic regions of the world but the most southerly parts of the constellation are not visible in northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Sagittarius is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter. The supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* which lies at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is sits on the western (here right-hand) edge of Sagittarius. Due to it covering an area at the center of our Galaxy, Sagittarius is home to many star clusters including open clusters (marked here with yellow circles) and globular clusters (marked here with yellow circles with + signs superimposed on them). Three nebulae are also marked here with green squares. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

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大熊座形似一把長柄勺,勺柄朝東、勺斗朝西,幾排較暗的恆星向南延伸。

大熊座星圖

Caption: 大熊座及其明亮恆星與周邊星座示意圖。從頂部開始沿順時針方向,大熊座周邊的星座依次為:天龍座、鹿豹座、天貓座、小獅座、獅子座、後發座、獵犬座和牧夫座。大熊座中有著名為“北斗七星”的醒目星群,這也是大熊座最著名的標誌。這個醒目的北天星群在全球不同文化中擁有豐富多樣的名稱。儘管大多數星座和星群中的恆星是互不關聯的,它們在天球上投影出的圖案其實僅是出於巧合,但北斗七星中的五顆恆星同屬“大熊座移動星群”——這些恆星在宇宙中同步運動,很可能在3億年前形成於同一區域。圖中北斗右側末端的兩顆星構成“指極星”,可由它們的連線找到位於小熊座的北極星。 作為北天星座,大熊座在北半球和赤道地區都是可見的。除南極地區外,南半球的部分區域也可觀測到大熊座的局部,但南半球溫帶地區並不都能看到完整的北斗七星。而在北極和北半球大多數溫帶地區,北斗七星以及大熊座的其他主要部分則處於恆顯圈內。大熊座的最佳觀測期為北半球春季與南半球秋季。 大熊座的北部有兩個易於觀測的星系,在圖中以紅色橢圓標注:旋渦星系M81和可能同為旋渦星系的M82。由於M82的側方朝向地球,我們難以通過觀測確定其結構。行星狀星雲M97(貓頭鷹星雲)位於大熊座中央,在圖中以疊加了十字符號的綠色圓圈標注。 該圖的縱軸為赤緯,橫軸為赤經,方向為上北下南左東右西。圖中標注的恆星大小對應其視星等——衡量天體視亮度的標準,較大的圓點代表著較亮的恆星。圖中的希臘字母標注著星座中最亮的恆星。這些恆星按亮度排序,最亮的一般被標記為α星,第二亮的一般為β星,等等,不過這種字母排序並不總是和實際亮度排序完全一致。圖中虛線標注的是國際天文學聯合會劃定的星座邊界,綠色實線則是一種常見的星座形象連線。需要注意的是,在實際觀測時,這些邊界與連線都不會出現在天空中。
Credit: 國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室(IAU OAE)根據國際天文學聯合會和《天空與望遠鏡》的原文改編

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Aquila looks like a simplified arrow shape with the head pointing to the lower right (the south west). Altair is in the tail

Aquila Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Aquila with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Aquila is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Sagitta, Hercules, Ophiuchus, Serpens Cauda, Scutum, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius and Delphinus. Aquila is most notable for its brightest star Altair. This forms one vertex of the prominent Summer Triangle asterism that is visible in northern hemisphere summer evenings. Aquila spans the celestial equator and thus some part of it is visible from all of the Earth at some point in the year. It is most visible in the evenings in the late northern hemisphere summer and late southern hemisphere winter. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. The blue line in the lower right of the diagram is the ecliptic. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


Cygnus looks like a swan in flight with the neck pointing to the lower right (south-west). Deneb is the tail

Cygnus Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Cygnus with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Cygnus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Cepheus, Draco, Lyra, Vulpecula, Pegasus and Lacerta. Cygnus is notable for its brightest star Deneb. This forms one vertex of the prominent Summer Triangle asterism that is visible in northern hemisphere summer evenings. Cygnus is a northern constellation and thus the whole of the constellation is visible at some point in the year in the whole northern hemisphere. The whole constellation is also visible from equatorial regions of the southern hemisphere with parts of the constellation visible from temperate southern regions. The plane of the Milky Way runs through Cygnus and thus the constellation is rich in nebulae and star clusters. These include the North America Nebula (NGC 7000) and the Crescent Nebula (NGC 6888). The Veil Nebula is a huge supernova remnant, parts of which are marked here as NGC 6960 and NGC 6992/5. All of the previously-mentioned nebulae are marked with green squares. The planetary nebula NGC 6826 is marked here with a green circle superimposed on a plus sign. The open star clusters M29 and M39 are marked here with yellow circles. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


Pegasus appears as a square with lines extending west from its western two vertices

Pegasus Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Pegasus with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Pegasus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Lacerta, Cygnus, Vulpecula, Delphinus, Equuleus, Aquarius, Pisces and Andromeda. Pegasus is known for the prominent asterism the “Square of Pegasus” which consists of its three brightest stars plus the brightest star in Andromeda. Pegasus is a northern constellation and thus the whole constellation is visible at some point in the year throughout the northern hemisphere. The whole constellation is also visible to southern hemisphere equatorial and temperate zones with parts of the constellation visible from all but the most antarctic regions. Pegasus is best viewed in the evening in the northern hemisphere autumn and southern hemisphere spring. The globular cluster M15 lies in Pegasus and is marked here with a yellow circle with a plus sign superimposed on it. The spiral galaxy NGC 7331 also lies in Pegasus and is marked here with a red ellipse. The y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. The blue line at the bottom of the diagram marks the ecliptic. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars, nor the ecliptic, appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons