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Glossary term: 漩渦星系

Description: 漩渦星系是指具有螺旋臂的星系:螺旋臂是在星系旋轉過程中形成的密度較高的區域,氣體和塵埃在這裡被壓縮,新的恆星在這裡誕生。大多數漩渦星系都是盤狀星系,因此這兩個名稱有時可以互換使用。大多數漩渦星系都有一個由恆星組成的中央核球,許多(包括銀河系在內)漩渦星系都有一個中央棒狀結構。漩渦星系有別於橢圓星系、透鏡星系、不規則星系和矮星系(雖然矮漩渦星系也存在)。

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Term and definition status: The original definition of this term in English have been approved by a research astronomer and a teacher
The translation of this term and its definition is still awaiting approval

This is an automated transliteration of the simplified Chinese translation of this term

The OAE Multilingual Glossary is a project of the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE) in collaboration with the IAU Office of Astronomy Outreach (OAO). The terms and definitions were chosen, written and reviewed by a collective effort from the OAE, the OAE Centers and Nodes, the OAE National Astronomy Education Coordinators (NAECs) and other volunteers. You can find a full list of credits here. All glossary terms and their definitions are released under a Creative Commons CC BY-4.0 license and should be credited to "IAU OAE".

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兩顆漩渦星系正處於早期合併階段,彼此“擁抱”。可以看到較小星系的旋臂已經出現了明顯的扭曲。

漩渦星系合併

Caption: 這張圖片展示了兩顆相互作用的漩渦星系,它們距離地球大約1.5億光年。兩顆漩渦星系在引力的牽引下“共舞”,使得它們的旋臂出現了明顯的扭曲。這幅圖像中所展現的“擁抱”,最終將以兩個星系合併為一個星系而結束,極有可能形成一個橢圓星系。
Credit: 歐空局 credit link

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons

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獅子座就像站在黃道上的一頭獅子,鼻子指向西北方向。黃道從東南偏東(ESE)方向延伸至西北偏西(WNW)方向。

獅子座星圖

Caption: 黃道星座獅子座與周邊星座示意圖。從頂部開始沿順時針方向,獅子座周邊的星座依次為:小獅座、巨蟹座、六分儀座、長蛇座、巨爵座、室女座和大熊座。獅子座最亮的恆星是軒轅十四,幾乎正好位於黃道上。從地球看來,太陽以一年為週期在天球上移動,所經過的路徑稱為黃道,在圖中以藍色實線標注。太陽在每年八月中旬到九月中旬位於獅子座。太陽系中的其他行星也經常出現在獅子座。 獅子座橫跨天赤道,因此在地球上的任何地方,一年中的某些時候都能看到其部分天區。但在地球南北兩極,獅子座的部分天區會被遮蔽。獅子座在北半球的春季和南半球的秋季夜晚最適宜觀測。 獅子座內可見多個深空天體,包括M65和M66——獅子三重星系中的兩個成員,該星系群還包含NGC 3628,但圖中並未標注。此外,使用小型望遠鏡,還可觀測到呈現為一團模糊光斑的旋渦星系M96,以及橢圓星系M105。這些天體在圖中均以紅色橢圓標注。 該圖的縱軸為赤緯,橫軸為赤經,方向為上北下南左東右西。圖中標注的恆星大小對應其視星等——衡量天體視亮度的標準,較大的圓點代表著較亮的恆星。圖中的希臘字母標注著星座中最亮的恆星。這些恆星按亮度排序,最亮的一般被標記為α星,第二亮的一般為β星,等等,不過這種字母排序並不總是和實際亮度排序完全一致。圖中虛線標注的是國際天文學聯合會劃定的星座邊界,綠色實線則是一種常見的星座形象連線。需要注意的是,在實際觀測時,這些邊界與連線都不會出現在天空中。
Credit: 國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室(IAU OAE)根據國際天文學聯合會和《天空與望遠鏡》的原文改編

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


室女座常被描繪為平躺的少女形象,她的後背大致倚靠著傾斜延伸的黃道,雙臂向兩側舒展,雙足則指向東方。

室女座星圖

Caption: 黃道星座室女座與周邊星座示意圖。從頂部開始沿順時針方向,室女座周邊的星座依次為:後發座、獅子座、巨爵座、烏鴉座、天秤座和牧夫座。室女座最亮的恆星是角宿一,位於該圖中央、黃道下方。可用如下的”春季大弧線“在夜空中定位角宿一:順著北斗七星的斗柄出發,延伸至牧夫座的大角星,再沿直線向下尋找,就可以找到角宿一。可用口訣來記憶:“順著斗柄至大角,直下尋得角宿一。”角宿一的位置略低於黃道——從地球看來,太陽以一年為週期在天球上移動,所經過的路徑稱為黃道,在圖中以藍色實線標注。太陽在每年九月中旬到十月下旬位於室女座。太陽系中的其他行星也經常出現在室女座。 室女座橫跨天赤道,因此在地球上的任何地方,一年中的某些時候都能看到其部分天區。但在地球南北兩極,室女座的部分天區會被遮蔽。室女座在北半球的春季和南半球的秋季夜晚最適宜觀測。 室女座常被描繪為背靠黃道平躺的少女形象,雙臂向兩側舒展,雙足則指向東方。室女座內可見多個深空天體,包括NGC 4697、M49、M87、M86、M84和M60,在圖中均以紅色橢圓標注。這些天體都是旋渦星系與橢圓星系,距離地球數百萬光年,均屬於離銀河系最近的星系團——室女座星系團。其中M87星系尤為值得注意,其核心的超大質量黑洞於2019年被事件視界望遠鏡成功拍攝,這是人類拍攝到的首張黑洞照片。這個黑洞被命名為Pōwehi,在夏威夷語中意為”無限創造的黑暗源泉“。 該圖的縱軸為赤緯,橫軸為赤經,方向為上北下南左東右西。圖中標注的恆星大小對應其視星等——衡量天體視亮度的標準,較大的圓點代表著較亮的恆星。圖中的希臘字母標注著星座中最亮的恆星。這些恆星按亮度排序,最亮的一般被標記為α星,第二亮的一般為β星,等等,不過這種字母排序並不總是和實際亮度排序完全一致。圖中虛線標注的是國際天文學聯合會劃定的星座邊界,綠色實線則是一種常見的星座形象連線。需要注意的是,在實際觀測時,這些邊界與連線都不會出現在天空中。
Credit: 國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室(IAU OAE)根據國際天文學聯合會和《天空與望遠鏡》的原文改編

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大熊座形似一把長柄勺,勺柄朝東、勺斗朝西,幾排較暗的恆星向南延伸。

大熊座星圖

Caption: 大熊座及其明亮恆星與周邊星座示意圖。從頂部開始沿順時針方向,大熊座周邊的星座依次為:天龍座、鹿豹座、天貓座、小獅座、獅子座、後發座、獵犬座和牧夫座。大熊座中有著名為“北斗七星”的醒目星群,這也是大熊座最著名的標誌。這個醒目的北天星群在全球不同文化中擁有豐富多樣的名稱。儘管大多數星座和星群中的恆星是互不關聯的,它們在天球上投影出的圖案其實僅是出於巧合,但北斗七星中的五顆恆星同屬“大熊座移動星群”——這些恆星在宇宙中同步運動,很可能在3億年前形成於同一區域。圖中北斗右側末端的兩顆星構成“指極星”,可由它們的連線找到位於小熊座的北極星。 作為北天星座,大熊座在北半球和赤道地區都是可見的。除南極地區外,南半球的部分區域也可觀測到大熊座的局部,但南半球溫帶地區並不都能看到完整的北斗七星。而在北極和北半球大多數溫帶地區,北斗七星以及大熊座的其他主要部分則處於恆顯圈內。大熊座的最佳觀測期為北半球春季與南半球秋季。 大熊座的北部有兩個易於觀測的星系,在圖中以紅色橢圓標注:旋渦星系M81和可能同為旋渦星系的M82。由於M82的側方朝向地球,我們難以通過觀測確定其結構。行星狀星雲M97(貓頭鷹星雲)位於大熊座中央,在圖中以疊加了十字符號的綠色圓圈標注。 該圖的縱軸為赤緯,橫軸為赤經,方向為上北下南左東右西。圖中標注的恆星大小對應其視星等——衡量天體視亮度的標準,較大的圓點代表著較亮的恆星。圖中的希臘字母標注著星座中最亮的恆星。這些恆星按亮度排序,最亮的一般被標記為α星,第二亮的一般為β星,等等,不過這種字母排序並不總是和實際亮度排序完全一致。圖中虛線標注的是國際天文學聯合會劃定的星座邊界,綠色實線則是一種常見的星座形象連線。需要注意的是,在實際觀測時,這些邊界與連線都不會出現在天空中。
Credit: 國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室(IAU OAE)根據國際天文學聯合會和《天空與望遠鏡》的原文改編

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons


Camelopardalis has no very bright stars and no well-defined shape

Camelopardalis Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Camelopardalis with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Camelopardalis is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Cepheus, Cassiopea, Perseus, Auriga, Lynx, Ursa Major, Draco and Ursa Minor. Camelopardalis is a large constellation but contains relatively few bright stars. Camelopardalis is a northern constellation and as such the whole constellation is visible for the whole northern hemisphere at some point in the year. It is also visible from equatorial parts of the southern hemisphere with some parts visible to temperate southern regions. The whole constellation is circumpolar for all arctic and more northerly temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Camelopardalis is best viewed in the evening in the late northern hemisphere winter and late southern hemisphere summer. The spiral galaxies NGC 2403 and IC 342 lie in Camelopardalis and are marked here with red ellipses. This diagram maps an area around the north celestial pole. Here lines of constant right ascension converge. The right ascension values of these lines are marked on the x-axis above and below the diagram. Some of the lines of constant declination are marked on the y-axis. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

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Cepheus appears as a head wearing a pointy hat tilted anticlockwise by 45 degrees

Cepheus Constellation Map

Caption: The constellation Cepheus along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Cepheus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Camelopardalis, Ursa Minor, Draco, Cygnus, Lacerta and Cassiopeia. Cepheus is a large constellation. Its most notable star is Delta Cephei, the prototype for the class of variable stars known as Cepheid variables. These are variable stars which can be used to estimate distances both within our galaxy and to nearby galaxies. Cepheus lies close to the north celestial pole. As such it is circumpolar for arctic and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The whole of the constellation is also visible at some point in the year in equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere with parts of it visible in equatorial regions of the southern hemisphere. It is best viewed in the evening in the northern hemisphere late autumn and southern hemisphere late spring. The open cluster NGC 188 lies in Cepheus and is marked here with a yellow circle. The nebula NGC 7023 also lies in the constellation and is marked with a green square. The red ellipse in the lower right marks the position of the spiral galaxy NGC 6946. This diagram maps an area around the north celestial pole. Here lines of constant right ascension converge. The right ascension values of these lines are marked on the x-axis above and below the diagram. Some of the lines of constant declination are marked on the y-axis. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. Delta Cephei is marked with a circle around a dot as it is a variable star. Mu Cephei is also a variable star marked here as an open circle. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.
Credit: Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by the IAU and Sky & Telescope

License: CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons 姓名標示 4.0 國際 (CC BY 4.0) icons