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Glossary term: 氫聚變

Description: 核聚變是一個總稱,指的是較輕的原子核相互碰撞並合併形成一或多個較重的原子核的所有反應。在天文學中,氫核聚變是將氫核(由一個質子組成)轉化為氦-4 核(由兩個質子和兩個中子結合在一起組成)的核聚變反應。氦-4核的質量小於它由質子和中子組成的質量之和。根據愛因斯坦著名的公式 E=mc2,質量差相當於能量差。當質子和中子聚變形成氦-4 時,就會釋放出與該差值相對應的能量。通過這種方式,氫聚變成為了像太陽這樣的主序星的能量來源。至少在一段時間內,這類恆星處於平衡狀態:它們核心中由氫聚變釋放的能量量與這些明亮恆星以光和其他類型的電磁輻射以及粒子形式釋放的能量量相對應。

氫聚變要經過幾個中間步驟。對於質量與太陽相當或更小的恆星來說,氫聚變是通過所謂的質子-質子鍊(pp 鍊)進行的。在該反應鍊的最簡單版本中,兩個氫核(質子)融合產生氘核(各一個質子和一個中子),然後氘核與另外一個氫核融合產生氦-3(兩個質子,一個中子)。兩個這樣的氦-3 核融合後產生氦-4 和剩餘的兩個氫核。在質量超過太陽 1.3 倍的恆星中,一種叫做碳-氮-氧(CNO)循環的替代過程成為將氫熔化成氦的主要方式。地球上的科學家已經製造出了製造核聚變反應的裝置,並希望將來它能成為一種可行的能源生產方式。氫聚變不僅發生在恆星中,在宇宙大爆炸的早期階段也曾發生過。

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