冬季银河

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为 OAE 制作

图注： 2022 年国际天文学联合会 OAE 天体摄影比赛静态天体图案类获奖作品。 本影像摄于2019年2月意大利威尼托大区的密苏里纳湖（Lago di Misurina），呈现冬夜星空与雪原交辉的奇景。 银河弧光下，夜空中最亮的天狼星（Sirius/大犬座α）闪耀于东南方。在希腊神话中，这颗"燃烧者"隶属猎户座忠犬——大犬座（Canis Major）。其左侧的小犬座（Canis Minor）以"先犬星"（Procyon/南河三）为主导，该星名暗示其先于天狼星升起的特性。猎户座位于大犬座右侧，其标志性"腰带三星"清晰可辨。 猎户座右上方树冠处，金牛座的毕宿星团（Hyades）与昴星团（Pleiades）构成传说中的"天界之门"，此处恰为黄道与银河两大天球基准圈的交汇点。希腊神话中，金牛化身喻指宙斯诱拐腓尼基公主欧罗巴的传说。 金牛座上方银河弧缘，御夫座主星五车二（Capella）粲然生辉。这颗恒星在印度教中被视为创世神梵天之心，而巴西博罗罗原住民则将御夫座部分星群与邻座恒星共组"凯门鳄星座"。 金牛座右侧可见英仙座（Perseus），其内的英仙座h+χ双星团被古希腊人视为英雄珀尔修斯神剑的寒光。这位斩杀海怪、解救安德洛墨达的传奇人物，其故事经奥维德史诗流传至今。影像中同样可见呈W形的仙后座（Cassiopeia）——希腊诗人阿拉托斯笔下象征"天国之钥"的星群，在印度天文传统中对应莎米什塔公主，在泰国喻指蝙蝠，于阿拉伯古星象中则化身骆驼。 林木间隙处，肉眼可辨的仙女座星系（Andromeda Galaxy）静静悬浮。
来源： Giorgia Hofer/IAU OAE

词汇表: 仙女座星系 , 银河系 , 金牛座 , 昴宿星团
分类： 星系 , 银河系与星际介质 , 肉眼天文学

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The planet PDS 70b inside a protoplanetary disk

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图注： An image of the planet PDS 70b. The young star PDS 70b has a protoplanetary disk surrounding it. Disks like these contains gas, fine sandy particles that astronomers refer to as dust and also larger bodies ranging from objects the size of pebbles to protoplanets (planets that are still forming). This image was taken in infrared light using adaptive optics. Adaptive optics is a technique that uses flexible mirrors and computer analysis to remove the blurring effect of the Earth's atmosphere. This allows astronomers to search regions close to stars like PDS 70 that would otherwise be swamped by light from the star spread out by the Earth's atmosphere. In the center is a black circle. This is caused by a coronograph, a small circle that blocks out light from the parent star. This is surrounded by a bright oval, infrared light emitted from the material in the protoplanetary disk. To the right of the black circle covering the star is a bright dot. This is PDS 70b, a giant planet that is still forming .
来源： ESO/ A. Müller, MPIA
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词汇表: 行星形成 , 原行星 , 原行星盘 , 自适应光学
分类： 系外行星与天体生物学

授权许可： 知识共享许可协议 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) 知识共享许可协议 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) 图标

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木卫一（伊奥）

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图注： 美国国家航空航天局的伽利略号航天器于1999年7月3日获得了木星卫星木卫一的最高分辨率图像。木卫一是伽利略-伽利雷 1610 年发现的四颗卫星之一。木卫一的颜色源于硫化物，是大量火山活动存在的证据。木星和邻近卫星的潮汐力是木卫一火山活动的原因。
来源： 美国宇航局/JPL/亚利桑那大学
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词汇表: 伽利略卫星 , 木卫一，音译为艾奥 , 卫星
分类： 太阳系

授权许可： 公共领域 公共领域 图标

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Apparatus for determining the gravitional constant

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图注： Observations of the motions of the planets around the Sun, or the Moon around the Earth, could not yield the gravitational constant, as in those cases, the mass of the central body is not initially known. Measuring the gravitational constant required a situation where the masses involved had been determined independent of measuring their gravitational attraction. The device shown here was built by John Michell (1724–1793), but Michell died before he could perform the experiment. Henry Cavendish (1731–1810) inherited the device, modified it so as to suppress external disturbances, and successfully completed the experiment. Cavendish's report to the Royal Society was under the title of "Experiments to determine the density of the Earth" as, from knowledge of the gravitational constant, the gravitational acceleration at Earth's surface and the Earth's radius, one can determine the Earth's mass and its mean density. From the modern perspective, what is now known as the "Cavendish experiment" is seen as a way of determining Newton's gravitational constant G. The image shows a cross-section of the apparatus, which Cavendish had further isolated from environmental influences by putting it into a separate room and inside a wooden box. The devices allowing Cavendish to illuminate, observe and manipulate the experiment from the outside are pictured as well. The core of the experiment is a torsion balance using two small lead spheres. The restoring force of the torsion pendulum is deduced from its natural oscillation frequency in the absence of the large masses. The gravitational attraction of the small lead spheres to their larger counterparts can then be determined by measuring how far it makes the torsion pendulum masses deviate from their null position. The image is a slightly modified (cropped, contrast and brightness adjusted) version of Fig. 1 in Cavendish's article in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Volume 88 (December 1798), pp. 469–526 [DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022]. The permission of the Royal Society to publish this image under a CC BY licenses gratefully acknowledged.
来源： Henry Cavendish in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1798.0022
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词汇表: 引力常数 , 万有引力
分类： 物理学

授权许可： 知识共享许可协议 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) 知识共享许可协议 署名 4.0 国际 (CC BY 4.0) 图标

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ISS' view of nightly Japan

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图注： This nighttime photograph of Earth was taken from the International Space Station (ISS) by astronaut Scott Kelly in 2015 during Expedition 44. It captures the nation of Japan lit up after dark, with bright city lights tracing urban centers, major roadways, and densely populated regions. The view from orbit at night highlights how human activity shows up as patterns of light on Earth’s surface, with well-lit areas contrasting sharply against the surrounding darkness of rural regions and open water. Photographs like this highlight what “night” looks like from space — not just a lack of sunlight, but also a time when artificial light reveals the rhythms of human life across the globe. From hundreds of kilometers above the planet, the night side of Earth appears as a tapestry of glowing clusters and dark spaces, offering insight into population distribution, infrastructure, and how cities remain active long after sunset. The ISS’s low orbit allows astronauts to capture these detailed views of Earth after dark, helping us appreciate both natural and human elements of nighttime on our planet.
来源： NASA
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词汇表: 地球 , 夜

授权许可： 公共领域 公共领域 图标

文件 ( 图像 24.73 MB)