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{
"diagram_label": "Taurus Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "b237po71Gd6",
"diagram_title": "Taurus Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
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"caption": "The constellation Taurus along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Taurus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top) Perseus, Aries, Cetus, Eridanus, Orion, Gemini and Auriga. Taurus’s brightest star Aldebaran appears in the middle of the constellation. Taurus lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Taurus from mid May to late June. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Taurus.\r\n\r\nTaurus lies mostly north of the celestial equator with a small part in the celestial southern hemisphere. The whole constellation is visible at some point in the year to whole planet except for the Antarctic and a small region around the North Pole. Taurus is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere winter and southern hemisphere summer. \r\n\r\nIn the eastern part of Taurus we can find the supernova remnant M1 (commonly known as the Crab Nebula), marked here with a green square. In Taurus’s north-east find one of the sky’s most famous open stars clusters M45 (the Pleiades), marked here with a yellow circle. Many of the stars near Aldebaran (but not) Aldebaran are members of another star cluster, the Hyades. However this cluster is close to the solar system so is too dispersed on the sky to have a Messier object designation like the Pleiades has.\r\n\r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Taurus appears as a y shape with the open end pointing NE. The ecliptic passes WSW to ENE in Taurus’s northern half",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
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"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/taurus-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/taurus-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/b237po71Gd6/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Gemini Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "eV99f410tY61",
"diagram_title": "Gemini Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
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"categories": [
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"caption": "The zodiac constellation Gemini and its surrounding constellations. Starting from the top of the diagram and going clockwise, these are Auriga, Taurus, Lynx, Orion, Monoceros, Canis Minor and Cancer. The brightest stars in Gemini, Castor and Pollux appear in the upper lefthand corner (north-east) of the diagram. In Greek mythology, the stars in this constellation are thought to resemble twins with their arms wrapped around each other, with Castor and Pollux indicating their heads. Gemini lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Gemini from late June to late July. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Gemini.\r\n\r\nGemini lies north of the celestial equator and is visible in all but the antarctic regions of the world. Gemini is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere winter and southern hemisphere summer. \r\n\r\nJust to the right of the foot of the Castor twin is an open cluster of stars (labelled as a yellow circle with a dotted line border), Messier 35, also known as the Shoe-Buckle Cluster. This cluster is spread out over an area roughly the size of the full moon. In addition to this cluster of stars, there is a planetary nebula (labelled as a green circle with four radial spikes) – NGC 2392 – near the celestial equator and just to the left of the Pollux twin. Two variable stars (Mekbuda and Propus; labelled as two concentric circles) can be found in the “legs” of each twin, but are so faint that an observer would need dark skies to see them.\r\n\r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labelled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Gemini resembles two stick figures, heads pointing North-East & with arms joined. The ecliptic passes W to E through Gemini",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
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"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/gemini-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/gemini-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/eV99f410tY61/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Hertzsprung-Russell diagram",
"diagram_slug": "iq40Hc92ni31",
"diagram_title": "赫羅圖",
"glossary_terms": [
46,
59,
130,
143,
180,
186,
334,
347,
386,
440,
481,
503
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"category_ids": [
2
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"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [],
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"caption": "這張圖展示了不同恆星溫度和亮度。每個點的大小代表恆星的半徑，顏色代表人眼所看到的顏色。恆星的顏色從淡藍色到淡橙紅色不等，沒有恆星具有像紅、綠或藍這樣的純顏色，因為恆星的光譜包含了許多不同顏色的光。然而，最紅的恆星通常被稱為紅恆星，最藍的恆星被稱為藍恆星。為了展示不同類型的恆星，製作這個圖表的恆星樣本選擇上並沒有反映出每種類型恆星的實際數量比例。\r\n\r\n從左上到右下是一條長長的恆星帶，這些恆星在其核心燃燒氫氣，這被稱為主序。在這條線上，我們可以看到參宿三（Mintaka）、波江座α星（Achernar）、天狼星A（Sirius A）、太陽和比鄰星（Proxima Centauri）等恆星。在主序線右下方的比鄰星週圍的天體被稱為紅矮星。在紅矮星的右下方是Teide 1和Kelu-1 A。這兩個天體是褐矮星，它們的質量太低，核心沒有足夠的熱量來持續地進行氫融合。由於它們不燃燒氫，褐矮星不被認為是主序星。\"褐矮星\"這個名字與它們的顏色無關。\r\n\r\n在主序星的上方，我們發現次巨星、巨星和超巨星。這些是已經完成了核心的氫燃燒並演化成更大天體的恆星。恆星的亮度取決於其溫度和大小，因此巨星比具有較小半徑但相同溫度的恆星更亮。隨著時間的推移，這些天體將走向生命的盡頭，經歷行星狀星雲階段或變成超新星。以行星狀星雲階段結束生命的恆星會形成一種叫做白矮星的恆星殘骸。這種天體比相同溫度的恆星小得多，因此更暗淡，並且位於主序星帶的顯著下方。以超新星結束生命的恆星會成為黑洞或中子星。這些在這個圖表上沒有顯示。",
"alt_text": "從冷暗星到熱亮星之間有一條恆星線。有些恆星位於這條線的上方或下方",
"credit_text": "IAU OAE/Niall Deacon",
"credit_url": null,
"generated_from_github_repository": "astro4edu/hr_diagram_plots",
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "zh-hant",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96_zh-hant.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96_zh-hant.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/zh-hant/resources/diagram/iq40Hc92ni31/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Hertzsprung-Russell diagram",
"diagram_slug": "iq40Hc92ni31",
"diagram_title": "赫罗图",
"glossary_terms": [
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"big_ideas": [],
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"caption": "这张图展示了不同恒星温度和亮度。每个点的大小代表恒星的半径，颜色代表人眼所看到的颜色。恒星的颜色从淡蓝色到淡橙红色不等，没有恒星具有像红、绿或蓝这样的纯颜色，因为恒星的光谱包含了许多不同颜色的光。然而，最红的恒星通常被称为红恒星，最蓝的恒星被称为蓝恒星。为了展示不同类型的恒星，制作这个图表的恒星样本选择上并没有反映出每种类型恒星的实际数量比例。\r\n\r\n从左上到右下是一条长长的恒星带，这些恒星在其核心燃烧氢气，这被称为主序。在这条线上，我们可以看到参宿三（Mintaka）、波江座α星（Achernar）、天狼星A（Sirius A）、太阳和比邻星（Proxima Centauri）等恒星。在主序线右下方的比邻星周围的天体被称为红矮星。在红矮星的右下方是Teide 1和Kelu-1 A。这两个天体是褐矮星，它们的质量太低，核心没有足够的热量来持续地进行氢融合。由于它们不燃烧氢，褐矮星不被认为是主序星。\"褐矮星\"这个名字与它们的颜色无关。\r\n\r\n在主序星的上方，我们发现次巨星、巨星和超巨星。这些是已经完成了核心的氢燃烧并演化成更大天体的恒星。恒星的亮度取决于其温度和大小，因此巨星比具有较小半径但相同温度的恒星更亮。随着时间的推移，这些天体将走向生命的尽头，经历行星状星云阶段或变成超新星。以行星状星云阶段结束生命的恒星会形成一种叫做白矮星的恒星残骸。这种天体比相同温度的恒星小得多，因此更暗淡，并且位于主序星带的显著下方。以超新星结束生命的恒星会成为黑洞或中子星。这些在这个图表上没有显示。",
"alt_text": "从冷暗星到热亮星之间有一条恒星线。有些恒星位于这条线的上方或下方",
"credit_text": "IAU OAE/Niall Deacon",
"credit_url": null,
"generated_from_github_repository": "astro4edu/hr_diagram_plots",
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "zh-hans",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BD%97%E5%9B%BE_zh-hans.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BD%97%E5%9B%BE_zh-hans.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/zh-hans/resources/diagram/iq40Hc92ni31/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Cancer Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "ce22no47lz93",
"diagram_title": "Cancer Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
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"caption": "The zodiac constellation Cancer and its surrounding constellations. Starting from the top of the diagram and going clockwise, these are Lynx, Gemini, Canis Minor, Hydra, Leo and Leo Minor. The ecliptic (shown here as a blue line) passes almost exactly through the middle of the constellation, this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Cancer from late July to mid August. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Cancer.\r\n\r\nCancer lies just north of the celestial equator and is thus visible at some time in the year from all of planet Earth except for the most antarctic regions of the world. Cancer is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere spring and southern hemisphere autumn. \r\n\r\nTwo star clusters are visible in Cancer: M44, an open cluster often called the Beehive Cluster, and M67, a denser open cluster with about four times more stars than M44. These clusters are indicated by yellow circles with a dotted border on the map.\r\n\r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labelled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Cancer appears as an inverted “Y” on the sky, with its vertex almost exactly on the ecliptic which runs ESE to WNW",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
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"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/cancer-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/cancer-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/ce22no47lz93/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Leo Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "uc91Hc319213",
"diagram_title": "Leo Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
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"caption": "The zodiac constellation Leo and its surrounding constellations. Starting from the top of the diagram and going clockwise, these are Leo Minor, Cancer, Sextans, Hydra, Crater, Virgo and Ursa Major. The brightest star in Leo, Regulus, lies almost exactly on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line): the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun spends the period from mid August to mid September in Leo. The other planets in the Solar System can often be found in Leo.\r\n\r\nLeo spans the celestial equator and is thus part of it is visible at some time in the year from all of planet Earth with some of the constellation obscured for the most arctic and antarctic regions of the world. Leo is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere spring and southern hemisphere autumn. \r\n\r\nSeveral objects can be seen in Leo, including M65 and M66 – two galaxies in the Leo Triplet, a trio of galaxies including NGC 3628, not listed here. In addition, M96, a spiral galaxy, can be seen as a fuzzy object using a small telescope, and Messier 105, an elliptical galaxy. Each of these objects are labelled on the map as red ellipses.\r\n\r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labelled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Leo resembles a lion standing on the ecliptic (which runs ESE to WNW) with its nose pointed northwest.",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
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"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/leo-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/leo-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/uc91Hc319213/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Virgo Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "aT839V20hT52",
"diagram_title": "Virgo Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
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"caption": "The zodiac constellation Virgo and its surrounding constellations. Starting from the top of the diagram and going clockwise, these are Coma Berenices, Leo, Crater, Corvus, Libra, and Bootes. The brightest star in Virgo, Spica, lies just below the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line) in the middle of the map. One way of locating this star in the night sky is to follow the handle of the Big Dipper to the star Arcturus in Bootes and go along a line straight down to Spica (“arc to Arcturus and spike to Spica”). This star lies just below the ecliptic. The ecliptic is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Virgo from mid September to late October. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Virgo. \r\n\r\nVirgo spans the celestial equator and is thus part of it is visible at some time in the year from all of planet Earth with some of the constellation obscured for the most arctic and antarctic regions of the world. Virgo is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere spring and southern hemisphere autumn. \r\n\r\nThe constellation Virgo appears as a person lying with their back roughly against the ecliptic, arms outstretched, and feet pointed east. Several deep-sky objects are visible in Virgo, including NGC4697, M49, M87, M86, M84, and M60, all of which are labelled as red ellipses on the map. These are all spiral and elliptical galaxies located several millions of lightyears from Earth. Most notably, M87 is host to the supermassive black hole (Pōwehi) that was imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2019. All of these galaxies are members of the Virgo Cluster, the nearest cluster of galaxies to the Milky Way.\r\n\r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labelled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "The constellation Virgo appears as a person lying with their back roughly against the diagonal ecliptic, arms outstretched, and feet pointed east.",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
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"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/virgo-constellation-map_en.png",
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"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/aT839V20hT52/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Hertzsprung-Russell diagram",
"diagram_slug": "iq40Hc92ni31",
"diagram_title": "Diagrama Hertzsprung-Russell",
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"big_ideas_subidea": [],
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"caption": "Este diagrama muestra la temperatura y luminosidad de diferentes estrellas. El tamaño de cada punto representa el radio de la estrella y su color es el que vería el ojo humano. El color de las estrellas oscila entre un azul apagado y un naranja rojizo apagado. Ninguna estrella tiene un color puro como el rojo, el verde o el azul, ya que los espectros de las estrellas incluyen luz de muchos colores diferentes. Sin embargo, las estrellas más rojas suelen denominarse rojas y las más azules, azules. La muestra de estrellas utilizada para hacer este diagrama se eligió para mostrar una amplia gama de estrellas de diferentes tipos, por lo que el número relativo de cada tipo de estrella no es representativo de la frecuencia con la que cada tipo se encuentra.\r\n \r\nDesde arriba a la izquierda hasta abajo a la derecha hay una larga línea de estrellas que queman hidrógeno en sus núcleos. Ésta es la llamada secuencia principal. En esta línea se encuentran las estrellas Mintaka, Achenar, Sirio A, el Sol y Próxima Centauri. Los objetos situados alrededor de Próxima Centauri, en el extremo inferior derecho de la secuencia principal, se denominan enanas rojas. En la parte inferior derecha de las enanas rojas se encuentran Teide 1 y Kelu-1 A. Estos dos objetos son enanas marrones, objetos de masa demasiado baja para tener núcleos lo suficientemente calientes como para fusionar hidrógeno durante un periodo de tiempo prolongado. Como no queman hidrógeno, las enanas marrones no se consideran estrellas de la secuencia principal. El nombre de enana marrón no está relacionado con su color.\r\n \r\nPor encima de la secuencia principal se encuentran las subgigantes, gigantes y supergigantes. Se trata de estrellas que han terminado de quemar hidrógeno en su núcleo y han evolucionado hasta convertirse en objetos de mayor tamaño. El brillo de una estrella depende de su temperatura y tamaño, de modo que las gigantes son más brillantes que las estrellas de radio más pequeño pero con la misma temperatura. Con el tiempo, estos objetos se acercarán al final de su vida y atravesarán una fase de nebulosa planetaria o se convertirán en supernovas. Las estrellas que terminan su vida con una fase de nebulosa planetaria se convierten en un tipo de remanente estelar denominado enana blanca. Estos objetos son mucho más pequeños que las estrellas de la misma temperatura, por lo que son más débiles y se encuentran muy por debajo de la secuencia principal. Las estrellas que terminan su vida como supernovas se convierten en agujeros negros o estrellas de neutrones. Éstas no se muestran en este gráfico.",
"alt_text": "Línea de estrellas desde las frías y débiles hasta las calientes y brillantes. Algunas estrellas se encuentran por encima o por debajo de esta línea",
"credit_text": "IAU OAE/Niall Deacon",
"credit_url": null,
"generated_from_github_repository": "astro4edu/hr_diagram_plots",
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "es",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/diagrama_hr_es.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/diagrama_hr_es.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/es/resources/diagram/iq40Hc92ni31/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Capricornus Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "J557Ln95hA62",
"diagram_title": "Carte de la constellation du Capricorne",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
48,
50,
66,
78,
92,
132,
286,
391,
428,
474,
494
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "La constellation du Capricorne (communément appelée Capricorne) inclut ses étoiles brillantes et les constellations environnantes. Le Capricorne est entouré (dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre à partir du haut) du Verseau, de l'Aigle, du Sagittaire, de Microscope et du Poisson Austral. Le Capricorne se trouve sur l'écliptique (représenté ici par une ligne bleue), c'est-à-dire la trajectoire que le Soleil semble suivre dans le ciel au cours d'une année. Le Soleil se trouve dans le Capricorne de la mi-janvier à la mi-février. Les autres planètes du système solaire se trouvent souvent dans le Capricorne.\r\n\r\nLe Capricorne se trouve juste au sud de l'équateur céleste et est visible pour tous les observateurs situés au sud du cercle polaire arctique. Le Capricorne est surtout visible le soir, en automne dans l'hémisphère nord et au printemps dans l'hémisphère sud.\r\n\r\nAu sud-est (en bas à gauche sur ce diagramme) de la constellation se trouve l'amas globulaire M30 (représenté ici par un cercle jaune sur lequel est superposé un signe plus).\r\n\r\nL'axe des y de ce diagramme est en degrés de déclinaison avec le nord en haut et l'axe des x est en heures d'ascension droite avec l'est à gauche. La taille des étoiles marquées ici correspond à la magnitude apparente de l'étoile, une mesure de sa luminosité apparente. Les points les plus gros représentent les étoiles les plus brillantes. Les lettres grecques indiquent les étoiles les plus brillantes de la constellation. Elles sont classées par ordre de luminosité, l'étoile la plus brillante étant étiquetée alpha, la deuxième plus brillante bêta, etc., bien que cet ordre ne soit pas toujours respecté à la lettre. Les lignes pointillées marquent les limites des constellations selon l'UAI et les lignes vertes pleines marquent l'une des formes couramment utilisées pour représenter les figures des constellations. Ni les limites des constellations, ni les lignes reliant les étoiles n'apparaissent sur le ciel.",
"alt_text": "Le Capricorne se présente comme un triangle isocèle orienté vers le bas. L'écliptique passe par le centre, de l'OSO à l'ENE.",
"credit_text": "Adapté par le Bureau de l'astronomie pour l'éducation de l'AIU à partir de l'original de l'AIU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "fr",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/capricornus-constellation-map_fr_SqIG0hk.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/capricornus-constellation-map_fr_huM6PN4.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/fr/resources/diagram/J557Ln95hA62/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Blackbody Radiation",
"diagram_slug": "8m97bG23XT57",
"diagram_title": "تابش جسم سیاه",
"glossary_terms": [
42,
96,
382
],
"categories": [
"Physics"
],
"category_ids": [
16
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [],
"caption": "منحنیهای تابش گسیلشده از اجسام سیاه با دماهای مختلف. محور افقی طول موج و محور عمودی مقدار انرژی گسیلشده در هر ثانیه توسط هر متر مربع از سطح جسم سیاه را در هر طول موج نشان میدهد. هرچه جسم داغتر باشد، طول موج تابش حداکثر آن کوتاهتر است و نور بیشتری در محدوده آبی گسیل میکند. با وجود اینکه جسم سیاه سردتر (4000 کلوین) بیشترین تابش خود را در محدوده نور قرمز دارد، اجسام داغتر همچنان در این طول موج (نور قرمز) تابش بیشتری نسبت به جسم سردتر دارند. خط چین نشاندهنده تابش گسیلشدهای است که طبق نظریه کلاسیک پیش از مکانیک کوانتومی پیشبینی میشد. این پیشبینی برای هر دمای جسم سیاه بالاتر از صفر در طول موجهای کوتاه به سمت بینهایت میل میکند و به همین دلیل به عنوان «فاجعه فرابنفش» شناخته شد.",
"alt_text": "سه منحنی با محور تابش در محور y و طول موج در محور x. منحنیهای خنکتر دارای قلههای پایینتر و متمایل به قرمز هستند.",
"credit_text": "دفتر آموزش نجوم IAU /نیال دیکن",
"credit_url": null,
"generated_from_github_repository": "astro4edu/blackbody_plots",
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "fa",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/blackbody-radiation_fa.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/blackbody-radiation_fa.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/fa/resources/diagram/8m97bG23XT57/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Blackbody Radiation - UV Catastrophe",
"diagram_slug": "p90iM23hm85",
"diagram_title": "تابش جسم سیاه - فاجعه فرابنفش",
"glossary_terms": [
42,
96,
382
],
"categories": [
"Physics"
],
"category_ids": [
16
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [],
"caption": "منحنیهای تابش گسیلشده از اجسام سیاه با دماهای مختلف. محور افقی طول موج و محور عمودی مقدار انرژی گسیلشده در هر ثانیه توسط هر متر مربع از سطح جسم سیاه را در هر طول موج نشان میدهد. هرچه جسم داغتر باشد، طول موج تابش حداکثر آن کوتاهتر است و بیشترین انرژی را در طول موجهای آبیتر گسیل میکند. با اینکه جسم سردتر (4000 کلوین) بیشترین تابش خود را در محدوده نور قرمز دارد، اجسام داغتر همچنان در این طول موج انرژی بیشتری نسبت به جسم سردتر منتشر میکنند.\r\nخطچین نشاندهنده تابشی است که طبق نظریه کلاسیک، پیش از مکانیک کوانتومی، پیشبینی شده بود. این پیشبینی در طول موجهای کوتاه به سمت بینهایت میل میکند که به همین دلیل به \"فاجعه فرابنفش\" شهرت یافت.",
"alt_text": "سه منحنی با محور تابش در محور y و طول موج در محور x. منحنیهای خنکتر دارای قلههایی پایینتر و متمایل به قرمز هستند.",
"credit_text": "دفتر آموزش نجوم IAU /نیال دیکن",
"credit_url": null,
"generated_from_github_repository": "astro4edu/blackbody_plots",
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "fa",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/blackbody-radiation-ultraviolet-catastrophe_fa.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/blackbody-radiation-ultraviolet-catastrophe_fa.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/fa/resources/diagram/p90iM23hm85/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Aquarius Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "qo31xv8AO72",
"diagram_title": "نقشه صورت فلکی دَلو",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
48,
50,
66,
78,
92,
132,
252,
256,
286,
391,
428,
466
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "صورت فلکی دلو همراه با ستارههای پرنور و صورتهای فلکی مجاور آن نشان داده شده است. دلو توسط صورتهای فلکی زیر احاطه شده است (در جهت ساعتگرد از بالا): اسب بالدار ، پاره اسب ، عقاب ، جَدی ، ماهی جنوبی ، مجسمهساز ، قیطس و حوت.\r\nدلو بر روی دایرةالبروج (که در اینجا به صورت یک خط آبی نمایش داده شده) قرار دارد، مسیری که خورشید طی یک سال ظاهراً در آسمان طی میکند. خورشید از اواسط فوریه تا اواسط مارس در صورت فلکی دلو قرار دارد. سایر سیارات منظومه شمسی نیز اغلب در دلو دیده میشوند.\r\nدلو از استوای سماوی عبور میکند و بنابراین در زمانی از سال از تمام نقاط زمین قابل مشاهده است. با این حال، در مناطق بسیار قطبی، بخشهایی از این صورت فلکی ممکن است دیده نشود. دلو در نیمکره شمالی در پاییز و در نیمکره جنوبی در بهار، در عصرها بهوضوح قابل مشاهده است.\r\nدایرههای زرد با علامت مثبت نشاندهنده خوشههای کروی M2 و M72 هستند. دایرههای سبز با علامت مثبت نشاندهنده سحابیهای سیاره نما NGC 7293 (سحابی هلیکس) و NGC 7002 (سحابی زحل) هستند. M73 (با علامت x مشخص شده) یک گروه تصادفی از ستارهها است که قبلاً به اشتباه بهعنوان یک خوشه باز طبقهبندی شده بود.\r\nمحور y این نمودار بر حسب درجههای مِیل (Declination) با شمال در بالا و محور x بر حسب ساعت، بُعد سماوی (Right Ascension) با شرق به سمت چپ مشخص شده است. اندازه ستارههای نشان داده شده در این نمودار به قدر ظاهری آنها (معیاری از روشنایی ظاهری آنها) بستگی دارد. \r\nنقاط بزرگتر نمایانگر ستارههای روشنتر هستند. حروف یونانی نشاندهنده روشنترین ستارههای این صورت فلکی هستند و بر اساس روشنایی مرتب شدهاند (روشنترین ستاره با نام آلفا، دومین روشنترین با نام بتا و ...)، اگرچه این ترتیب همیشه دقیقاً رعایت نمیشود.\r\nخطوط نقطهچین، مرزهای رسمی صورتهای فلکی توسط IAU را نشان میدهند و خطوط سبز ممتد یکی از شکلهای رایج برای نمایش اشکال صورتهای فلکی را نمایش میدهند. هیچیک از مرزهای صورت فلکی یا خطوط اتصال ستارهها در آسمان واقعی دیده نمیشوند.",
"alt_text": "دلو به صورت مجموعهای گسترده از خطوط متصل نمایش داده شده است. دایرةالبروج از مرکز آن از جنوب غرب به شمال شرق عبور میکند.",
"credit_text": "اقتباسشده توسط دفتر آموزش نجوم IAU از نسخه اصلی IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "fa",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/aquarius-constellation-map_fa.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/aquarius-constellation-map_fa.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/fa/resources/diagram/qo31xv8AO72/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Orion Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "dg783o76n014",
"diagram_title": "獵戶座星圖",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
50,
66,
78,
92,
126,
286,
351,
467,
485
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "獵戶座及其明亮的恆星和周圍的星座。獵戶座被金牛座、波江座、天兔座、麒麟座和雙子座環繞（從上往下順時針依次排列）。獵戶座最亮的恆星參宿四和參宿七分別位於星座的北端（圖中上部）和南端（圖中下部），中間是著名的三星 \"腰帶\"。\r\n\r\n獵戶座橫跨天赤道，因此在一年中的某些時候，從地球上的任何地方都能看到它。在世界上最北極或最南極地區，可能看不到獵戶座的某些部分。獵戶座在北半球冬季和南半球夏季的晚上最為明顯。獵戶座上方的藍線標誌著黃道，即太陽在一年中劃過天空的軌跡。太陽從不經過獵戶座，但人們偶爾會在獵戶座發現太陽系的其他行星和月球。\r\n\r\n在獵戶座腰帶的正南方，有兩個梅西葉天體M42（獵戶座星雲）和M43，用綠色方框標出。這些星雲和M78（腰帶左邊的綠色方框）是巨大的獵戶座分子雲團的一部分。它覆蓋了獵戶座的大部分區域，包括這些分子雲正在坍縮形成新星的區域。\r\n\r\n該圖的 y 軸表示赤緯，單位為度數，以北為上，x 軸表示赤經，單位為小時，以東為左。這裡標注的恆星大小與恆星的視星等有關，視星等是衡量恆星視亮度的標準。較大的點代表較亮的恆星。希臘字母表示星座中的亮星。這些恆星按亮度排序，最亮的恆星被標記為α星，第二亮的為β星，等等，不過並不總是完全遵循這種排序。圍繞著參宿四的圓圈表示它是一顆變星。虛線是國際天文學聯合會劃定的星座邊界，綠色實線是表示星座的常用形式之一。星座邊界和連接恆星的線條都不會出現在實際天空中。",
"alt_text": "獵戶座呈沙漏狀，兩串恆星分別向東北和西北方延伸",
"credit_text": "由國際天文學聯合會天文教育辦公室根據國際天文學聯合會/《天空與望遠鏡》的原文改編",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "zh-hant",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/orion-constellation-map_zh-hant.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/orion-constellation-map_zh-hant.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/zh-hant/resources/diagram/dg783o76n014/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Orion Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "dg783o76n014",
"diagram_title": "猎户座星图",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
50,
66,
78,
92,
126,
286,
351,
467,
485
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "猎户座及其明亮的恒星和周围的星座。猎户座被金牛座、波江座、天兔座、麒麟座和双子座环绕（从上往下顺时针依次排列）。猎户座最亮的恒星参宿四和参宿七分别位于星座的北端（图中上部）和南端（图中下部），中间是著名的三星 \"腰带\"。\r\n\r\n猎户座横跨天赤道，因此在一年中的某些时候，从地球上的任何地方都能看到它。在世界上最北极或最南极地区，可能看不到猎户座的某些部分。猎户座在北半球冬季和南半球夏季的晚上最为明显。猎户座上方的蓝线标志着黄道，即太阳在一年中划过天空的轨迹。太阳从不经过猎户座，但人们偶尔会在猎户座发现太阳系的其他行星和月球。\r\n\r\n在猎户座腰带的正南方，有两个梅西叶天体M42（猎户座星云）和M43，用绿色方框标出。这些星云和M78（腰带左边的绿色方框）是巨大的猎户座分子云团的一部分。它覆盖了猎户座的大部分区域，包括这些分子云正在坍缩形成新星的区域。\r\n\r\n该图的 y 轴表示赤纬，单位为度数，以北为上，x 轴表示赤经，单位为小时，以东为左。这里标注的恒星大小与恒星的视星等有关，视星等是衡量恒星视亮度的标准。较大的点代表较亮的恒星。希腊字母表示星座中的亮星。这些恒星按亮度排序，最亮的恒星被标记为α星，第二亮的为β星，等等，不过并不总是完全遵循这种排序。围绕着参宿四的圆圈表示它是一颗变星。虚线是国际天文学联合会划定的星座边界，绿色实线是表示星座的常用形式之一。星座边界和连接恒星的线条都不会出现在实际天空中。",
"alt_text": "猎户座呈沙漏状，两串恒星分别向东北和西北方延伸",
"credit_text": "由国际天文学联合会天文教育办公室根据国际天文学联合会/《天空与望远镜》的原文改编",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "zh-hans",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/orion-constellation-map_zh-hans.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/orion-constellation-map_zh-hans.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/zh-hans/resources/diagram/dg783o76n014/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Cetus Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "FP68yg670w90",
"diagram_title": "Cetus Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
50,
66,
78,
92,
286,
391,
485
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "The constellation Cetus along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Cetus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Pisces, Aquarius, Sculptor, Fornax, Eridanus, Taurus and Aries. Cetus lies just south of the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. While the Sun does not pass through Cetus, the other planets of the solar system and the Moon can sometimes be found in Cetus. The star Omicron Ceti or Mira is a famous variable star. This red giant varies in brightness by a factor of 600 over the course of its eleven month period. \r\n\r\nCetus spans the celestial equator, thus some part of the constellation is visible from all the the Earth at some point in the year. The full constellation is visible from equatorial and temperate regions of both hemispheres. Cetus is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere late autumn and the southern hemisphere late spring. \r\n\r\nThe barred spiral galaxy M77 lies in Cetus as does the spiral galaxy NGC 247 and the dwarf irregular galaxy IC 1613. All three are marked here with red ellipses. \r\n \r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. Mira is marked with an open circle as it is a variable star not always visible to the naked eye. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Cetus appears as two ellipses, the smaller one north-east of the larger one, connected by a line.",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/cetus-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/cetus-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/FP68yg670w90/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Ophiuchus Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "ef73go0hL43",
"diagram_title": "Ophiuchus Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
50,
51,
66,
78,
92,
116,
132,
286,
299,
391,
474
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "The constellation Ophiuchus along with its bright stars and its surrounding constellations. Ophiuchus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Hercules, Serpens Caput, Scorpius, Sagittarius and Serpens Cauda. Ophiuchus is not part of the traditional twelve zodiac constellations but it lies on the ecliptic (shown here as a blue line), this is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is in Ophiuchus from late November to mid December. The other planets of the Solar System can often be found in Ophiuchus. \r\n\r\nOphiuchus spans the celestial equator and thus part of the constellation is visible across the whole of the earth at some point in the year. However during the time it is most visible in the evenings (the southern hemisphere winter and northern hemisphere summer) much of the arctic is in perpetual daylight making the stars in the constellation impossible to see. The whole constellation is visible from equatorial and temperate regions of both hemispheres. \r\n\r\nAs Ophiuchus lies close to the galactic center it contains many globular clusters such as M9, M10, M12, M14, M19, M62, and M107. These are marked as yellow circles with plus symbols superimposed. \r\n\r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the line marking the ecliptic, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Ophiuchus appears as a headless stick figure",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/ophiuchus-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/ophiuchus-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/ef73go0hL43/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Octans Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "jp181P35rG35",
"diagram_title": "Octans Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
50,
66,
78,
261,
286,
518
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "The constellation Octans along with its bright stars and its surrounding constellations. Octans is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Hydrus, Indus, Pavo, Apus, Chameleon and Mensa. Octans is a relatively faint constellation that is notable as it lies at the south celestial pole. While the northern pole star is the relatively bright Polaris, sigma Octans, the southern pole star, is barely visible with the naked eye.\r\n\r\nOctans lies at the south celestial pole and is thus visible from the whole southern hemisphere with some of the constellation visible from equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere. The constellation is circumpolar for most of the southern hemisphere. It is best viewed in the evening in the northern hemisphere autumn and southern hemisphere spring. \r\n\r\nThis diagram maps an area around the south celestial pole. Here lines of constant right ascension converge. The right ascension values of these lines (in hours) are marked on the x-axis above and below the diagram. The solid circle around the pole marks a line of -80° declination with the larger, incomplete circle to the right marking -70° declination. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Octans appears as an elongated triangle",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/octans-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/octans-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/jp181P35rG35/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Cassiopeia Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "VE43cn914B57",
"diagram_title": "Cassiopeia Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
7,
8,
15,
50,
56,
66,
78,
86,
286,
466
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "The constellation Cassiopeia along with its bright stars and its surrounding constellations. Cassiopeia is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top):Cepheus, Andromeda, Perseus and Camelopardalis. \r\n\r\nCassiopeia is a northern constellation that is visible from all of the northern hemisphere and equatorial regions of the southern hemisphere. It is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere late autumn and southern hemisphere late spring.\r\n\r\nThe open star clusters M52, M103, NGC 457 and NGC 663 all lie in this constellation. These are marked with yellow circles. Two dwarf elliptical galaxies NGC 147 and NGC 185 lie in the southern part of the constellation. These are marked with red ellipses and are gravitationally bound to the larger Andromeda galaxy which lies to the south in the constellation of Andromeda.\r\n\r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Cassiopeia appears as a double-u shape tilted up at the left end by about 45 degrees",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/cassiopeia-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/cassiopeia-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/VE43cn914B57/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Ursa Minor Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "wT49Db11i836",
"diagram_title": "Ursa Minor Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
50,
56,
66,
78,
217,
261,
286
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "The constellation Ursa Minor along with its bright stars and its surrounding constellations. Ursa Minor is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Cephus, Camelopardalis and Draco. Ursa Minor is notable as its brightest star, Polaris is the northern pole star. \r\n\r\nUrsa Minor is visible from the entire northern hemisphere with some parts of the constellation being visible from equatorial regions of the southern hemisphere. It is also circumpolar for temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Polaris, lying very close the north celestial pole is circumpolar for the whole of the northern hemisphere. The constellation is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter.\r\n\r\nThis diagram maps an area around the north celestial pole. Here lines of constant right ascension converge. The right ascension values (in hours) of these lines are marked on the x-axis above and below the diagram. Some of the lines of constant declination (in degrees) are marked on the y-axis. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Ursa Minor appears as a small ladle with the end of the handle, the location of Polaris, at the north pole",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/ursa_minor-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/ursa_minor-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/wT49Db11i836/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Ursa Major Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "hq75BY71AZ88",
"diagram_title": "Ursa Major Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
39,
50,
56,
66,
78,
172,
256,
286,
330,
429
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "The constellation Ursa Major along with its bright stars and its surrounding constellations. Ursa Major is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Draco, Camelopardalis, Lynx, Leo Minor, Leo, Coma Berenices, Canes Venatici and Boötes. Ursa Major is famous for the prominent asterism often known in English as the Big Dipper or the Plough. This prominent northern asterism has a wide variety of names from cultures across the world. While most constellations and asterisms are made up of unrelated stars that randomly appear close together on the sky, five of the stars in the Big Dipper are part of the Ursa Major Moving Group, a group of stars moving through space together that likely formed in the same location 300 million years ago. The two stars on the right-hand end of the Big Dipper on this diagram form a pair of pointer stars that can be used to locate Polaris, the northern pole star which lies in the constellation of Ursa Minor.\r\n\r\nUrsa Major is a northern constellation and is visible from northern and equatorial regions. Parts of the constellation are visible from all but the most antarctic parts of the southern hemisphere but not all temperate regions of the southern hemisphere can see all of the Big Dipper. Conversely the Big Dipper and much of the rest of the constellation are circumpolar in arctic and many temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Ursa Major is most visible in the evening in the northern hemisphere spring and southern hemisphere autumn. \r\n\r\nTwo prominent galaxies appear in the northern part of this constellation, the spiral galaxy M81 and M82, a possible spiral galaxy whose structure is difficult to observe from the Earth as it appears edge-on. Both are shown here as red ellipses. The planetary nebula M97 (the Owl Nebula) lies in the middle of the constellation and is marked by a green circle superimposed on a plus symbol. \r\n\r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Ursa Major appears as a ladle with the handle to the east & the cup to the west. Lines of fainter stars extend to the south",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/ursa-major-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/ursa-major-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/hq75BY71AZ88/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Canis Major Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "wM92AD94GS73",
"diagram_title": "Canis Major Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
50,
51,
66,
78,
286,
304,
466
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "The constellation Canis Major along with its bright stars and its surrounding constellations. Canis Major is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Monoceros, Lepus, Columba and Puppis. The constellation is dominated by Sirius, the star which appears brightest in the night sky, which far outshines all of the other stars in the constellation. \r\n\r\nCanis Major lies just south of the celestial equator and is visible from all of the southern hemisphere as well as equatorial and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Sirius is visible from all but the most arctic regions. Canis Major is most visible in the evenings in late winter in the northern hemisphere and late summer in the southern hemisphere. \r\n\r\nThe open star clusters M41, NGC 2360 and NGC 2362 lie in the constellation. These are marked with yellow circles.\r\n\r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Canis Major is shaped like a stick figure drawing of a dog tilted up by 45 degrees. Sirius lies at the dog’s shoulder",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/canis_major-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/canis_major-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/wM92AD94GS73/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Antlia Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "jt94wy56J970",
"diagram_title": "Antlia Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
15,
50,
66,
78,
286
],
"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
4
],
"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
"1.2"
],
"big_ideas_subidea_ids": [
2
],
"caption": "The constellation Antlia along with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Antlia is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Hydra, Pyxis, Vela and Centaurus. \r\n\r\nAntlia is a southern constellation that is visible at some point in the year from the whole southern hemisphere as well as equatorial and some temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The constellation is best viewed in the evenings in the northern hemisphere spring and southern hemisphere autumn.\r\n\r\nThe y-axis of this diagram is in degrees of declination with north as up and the x-axis is in hours of right ascension with east to the left. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid green lines mark one of the common forms used to represent the figures of the constellations. Neither the constellation boundaries, nor the lines joining the stars appear on the sky.",
"alt_text": "Antlia appears as a line with a corner in the middle pointing up",
"credit_text": "Adapted by the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education from the original by IAU/Sky & Telescope",
"credit_url": "https://www.iau.org/Iau/Iau/Science/What-we-do/The-Constellations.aspx",
"generated_from_github_repository": null,
"license": "CC-BY-4.0",
"license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en",
"language_code": "en",
"multimedia_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/multimedia/antlia-constellation-map_en.png",
"pdf_file": "http://www.astro4edu.org/media/diagrams/pdf/antlia-constellation-map_en.pdf",
"diagram_url": "https://astro4edu.org/resources/diagram/jt94wy56J970/"
},
{
"diagram_label": "Apus Constellation Map",
"diagram_slug": "Df427a55Gc18",
"diagram_title": "Apus Constellation Map",
"glossary_terms": [
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"categories": [
"Naked Eye Astronomy"
],
"category_ids": [
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"big_ideas": [],
"big_ideas_subidea": [
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"caption": "The constellation Apus with its bright stars and surrounding constellations. Apus is surrounded by (going clockwise from the top): Triangulum Australe, Circinus, Musca, Chamaeleon, Octans, Pavo and Ara.\r\n\r\nApus is a southern constellation lying close to the south celestial pole. As such it is visible at some point in the year from the entire southern hemisphere but is only visible from the most equatorial regions of the northern hemisphere. Apus is circumpolar for all temperate and antarctic regions of the southern hemisphere. It is most visible in the evenings in the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere autumn. \r\n\r\nThe globular cluster NGC 6101 can be found in Apus. It is marked here with a yellow circle with a plus symbol superimposed on it.\r\n\r\nThis diagram maps an area around the south celestial pole. Here lines of constant right ascension converge. The right ascension values (in hours) of these lines are marked on the x-axis above and below the diagram. Lines of constant declination (in degrees) are marked on the y-axis. The sizes of the stars marked here relate to the star's apparent magnitude, a measure of its apparent brightness. The larger dots represent brighter stars. The Greek letters mark the brightest stars in the constellation. These are ranked by brightness with the brightest star being labeled alpha, the second brightest beta, etc., although this ordering is not always followed exactly. The dotted boundary lines mark the IAU's boundaries of the constellations and the solid 
